【备份】克林贡语辞典（第二版）

缘起

当时龙空掀起了「百年翻译运动」，这是投稿（链接）。

翻着翻着就面瘫了（2010年4月8日发现，4月9日就诊），当时白天坚持上班，晚上坚持翻译，告一段落之后，就没再继续。

正文

封面

书名：The Klingon Dictionary (2nd edition)

作者：Marc Okrand, 1992

ISBN：0-671-74559-X

CONTENTS（目录）

INTRODUCTION（绪论）

动手之前网上搜了一下，发现绪论这一段已经有人翻译了：【克林贡语辞典】绪论

译者是The Two (thought of everyday things)的“Xi”，介绍中自称是微软的程序员。

这位朋友在今年1月23日发布了这篇绪论的翻译，在第二天的1月24日发布了“【克林贡语辞典】翻译计划”：“开始翻译这本辞典。会不定期分章节发布。”

然后到现在都没有继续更新。

于是这段绪论的翻译咱就直接照搬了也～

感谢Xi的工作。

PS：值得注意的是，Xi的计划是“克林贡语辞典中文化”，于是原文中有些以英语为例的部分，均适当的换成中文（比如下面标红的部分）。

Klingon is the official language of the Klingon Empire. For a long time, only a few non-Klingons were able to learn enough about the language to engage in a meaningful conversation with a Klingon. Recently, however, under the auspices of the Federation Scientific Research Council, a study has been undertaken to record and analyze the language and culture of the Klingons, with the ultimate goal of preparing an encyclopedia, as well as teaching materials. This dictionary represents the initial results of that effort.

The dictionary is divided into two main parts: grammatical sketch and dictionary proper.

The grammatical sketch is intended to be an outline of Klingon grammar, not a complete description. Nevertheless, it should allow the reader to put Klingon words together in an acceptable manner. Many of the rules given in the grammatical sketch are those set down by Klingon grammarians. It should be remembered that even though the rules say “always” and “never”, when Klingon is actually spoken these rules are sometimes broken. What the rules represent, in other words, is what Klingon grammarians agree on as the “best” Klingon.

Because research is not yet completed, this dictionary is of necessity somewhat limited in scope. There are certainly more Klingon words than those listed here. Three groups of words in particular are, for the most part, unrepresented: scientific terminology; words for native tools, customs, flora, and fauna; and vocabulary dealing with food. Terms associated with the various sciences are the subject of a special study, and a report is currently being prepared. Klingon words for traditional tools and long-standing customs are difficult to translate into English. Native plants and animals are likewise difficult to comprehend at the present time. Such matters will be fully elucidated in the forthcoming «Klingon Encyclopedia». Food words are missing due to limited resources: there have been problems recruiting staff interested in studying Klingon eating habits. Until that study is under way, it was thought inappropriate to present a list of words whose meanings are not properly understood.

As more data are gathered the list of words will undoubtedly grow. Even at this early stage, however, some patterns are emerging. For example, there are no words for greetings, such as «hello, how are you, good morning,» and so on. It seems apparent that such words and phrases simply do not exist in Klingon. When two Klingons meet each other (except in cases where military protocol determines behavior), if anything of an introductory nature is said, it is an expression that can best be translated as «What do you want?» Unlike most speakers of English, who begin conversations with greetings, inquiries about the state of health of the conversants, and remarks about the weather, Klingons tend to begin conversations by simply stating the main points.

Although Klingons are proud of their language and frequently engage in long discussions about its expressiveness and beauty, they have found it impractical for communication outside the Klingon Empire. For intra- and intergalactic communication, the Klingon government, along with most other governments, has accepted English as the lingua franca. In general, only those Klingons of the upper classes (which include higher-level governmental and military officials) learn English. As a result, English has taken on two additional functions in Klingon society. First, it is used as a symbol of rank or status. Those Klingons who know English will use it among themselves to show off their erudition and make their place in society known to all who happen to be listening. Second, English is used when it is thought best to keep servants, soldiers, or even the general populace uninformed. Thus, on a Klingon vessel, the commanding officer will often speak Klingon when giving orders to his crew, but choose English when having discussions with his officers. On the other hand, a Klingon officer may use Klingon in the presence of non-Klingons to prevent them from knowing what is going on. This use of Klingon seems to be quite effective.

There are a number of dialects of Klingon. Only one of the dialects, that of the current Klingon emperor, is represented in this dictionary. When a Klingon emperor is replaced, for whatever reason, it has historically been the case that the next emperor speaks a different dialect. As a result, the new emperor's dialect becomes the official dialect. Those Klingons who do not speak the official dialect are considered either stupid or subversive, and are usually forced to undertake tasks that speakers of the official dialect find distasteful. Most Klingons try to be fluent in several dialects.

Some dialects differ only slightly from the dialect of this dictionary. Differences tend to be in vocabulary (the word for <forehead,> for example, is different in almost every dialect) and in the pronunciation of a few sounds. On the other hand, some dialects differ significantly from the current official dialect, so much so that speakers of these dialects have a great deal of difficulty communicating with current Klingon officialdom. The student of Klingon is warned to check into the political situation of the Klingon Empire before trying to talk.

There is a native writing system for Klingon (called {pIqaD}) which seems to be well suited to the various dialects. This writing system is not yet well understood and is, therefore, not used in this dictionary. Instead, a transcription system based on the English alphabet has been devised. An article is being prepared for the «Klingon Encyclopedia» which will explain the details of {pIqaD.}

In the grammatical sketch portion of this dictionary, as a notational convention, Klingon will be written in boldface type, and English translations will be written in italics: {tlhIngan} <Klingon.>

The author would like to thank the Scientific Research Council for making funds available to carry out this research, as well as various members of the Federation Interlanguage Institute who were quite helpful in criticizing earlier drafts of the dictionary. The author apologizes for any mistakes, and sincerely hopes that none of them leads to any unfortunate misunderstandings.

Finally, a great deal of credit must be given to the Klingon informant who provided all of the data upon which this dictionary is based. Although a prisoner of the Federation, he worked long, hard hours to make his knowledge available to citizens of the Federation. Maltz, we thank you.

绪论

克林贡语（Klingon）是克林贡帝国（Klingon Empire）的官方语言。长期以来，只有一小部分非克林贡人能够掌握足够多的克林贡语知识，与克林贡人进行有意义的交谈。但是最近，联邦科学研究委员会（Federation Scientific Research Council）开始资助一项研究，记录、分析克林贡人的语言和文化。该研究的终极目标是编写一套百科全书和教材。本辞典是这项工作的一项初期成果。

本辞典分为两部分：语法大纲和词典。

语法大纲是克林贡语语法的概要，而非完整介绍。不过，这足以使读者能够将克林贡语单词组织起来了。在语法大纲中给出的许多语法规则，都是由克林贡语语法学家确定的。需要记住的是，即使规则说“通常”和“从不”，当克林贡人说话时，这些规则偶尔也会被打破。这些规则所表示的，换句话说是语法学家们一致同意的“最佳”克林贡语。

由于此项研究尚未完成，本辞典在范围上必然有所局限。确实还有许多克林贡语单词没有在此列举出来。特别是以下三种单词没有收录：科学术语；本地工具、风俗、植物、动物；与食物相关的词汇。与多种科学相关的术语是一项特定研究的课题，最近一份报告正在准备中。克林贡语中的传统工具和长期存在的风俗词语，很难翻译成中文。本地动植物在目前也同样难以理解。这些内容会在即将推出的《克林贡百科全书》中有完整的阐释。食物相关单词的缺失是由于资源受限造成的：我们在招聘对克林贡人饮食习惯感兴趣的员工时，总是遇到问题。在这项研究开展以前，列出含义还不清楚的单词被认为是不合适的。

随着更多信息被收集起来，单词列表毫无疑问地变得越来越长。但是就算在很早的阶段，一些模式就已经显现出来了。比如，没有用作问候的单词，像是中文中的“你好，早安，吃了么”等等。似乎很明显，克林贡语中就是没有这样词和短语。当两个克林贡人碰面的时候（除了军事礼仪要求的举止之外），如果有任何表示介绍性质的话，这种措辞最合适的翻译是“你想要什么？”不像大多数的中文使用者，交谈的时候都要先问候，问问吃没吃、或是彼此的近况，克林贡人倾向于在交谈的时候直奔主题。

虽然克林贡人为自己的语言十分骄傲，经常长篇累牍地论述克林贡语的表现力和美感，但他们还是发现与克林贡帝国国外的沟通时，克林贡语并不实用。于是，像大多数其他政府一样，克林贡政府采用英语作为星系内以及星系间沟通的共通语。通常来说，只有那些上层阶级的克林贡人（包括高级政府官员和军官）才会学习英语。结果，英语在克林贡社会中，增加了两种功用。一，英语被用来作为身份和地位的象征。那些会说英语的克林贡人之间会用英语彼此交谈，以炫耀自己的学识，并且让听者知道他们的地位。二，英语被用在不愿让仆人、士兵、或甚至是普通百姓了解谈话内容的时候。因此，在克林贡飞船上，指挥官会使用克林贡语对船员下达命令，但与其他军官讨论时，会选择使用英语。不过，在非克林贡人面前，一个克林贡军官可能会用说克林贡语来避免其他人了解情况。这种克林贡语的用法非常有效。

克林贡语有许多种方言。在本辞典中只列举了当前克林贡国王使用的一种。从历史上看，无论任何原因，当克林贡国王换位时，新的国王总是说一门不同的方言。结果便是，新的国王使用的方言成为官方方言。那些不使用官方方言的克林贡人，被视为愚蠢或是颠覆分子，并被迫承担那些使用官方方言的克林贡人认为令人讨厌的苦役。大多数克林贡人都能够熟练运用若干种方言。

一些方言与本辞典的方言差别很小。差别都是词汇上的（比如，“前额”一词几乎在各个方言中都不同）或是某些发音上的。不过，也有的方言和目前的官方方言差别很大，以至于这些方言的使用者与现在的克林贡官员沟通起来异常困难。克林贡语的学习者被预先告诫，在试图交谈之前，一定要先弄清克林贡帝国的政治现状。

克林贡语有一种原生态的书写体系（称为 pIqaD ），非常适合各种不同的方言。这种书写系统目前还没有被充分理解，因此，也没有在本辞典中使用。取而代之的，是一套基于克林贡语字母表的转录系统。有一篇文章准备在《克林贡百科全书》中详细介绍 pIqaD 。

在本辞典中的语法大纲部分中，作为标识约定，克林贡语将使用加粗，中文翻译将标以双引号：tlhIngan “克林贡语”

辞典作者希望感谢科学研究委员会为此研究提供资金，还要感谢联邦中介语研究所（Federation Interlanguage Institute）的各位成员对本辞典草稿的批评。辞典作者为错误致歉，并真诚希望这些错误不会造成不幸的误解。

最后，要感谢一位克林贡人提供了所有这些信息，本辞典就是基于这些信息写成的。虽然是联邦的一名囚犯，但他辛苦的工作，使这些知识得以呈现给联邦公民。莫尔茨，我们感谢你。

1. THE SOUNDS OF KLINGON （克林贡语发音）

下面开始就是咱老汉亲自翻译了也～

补充一点有关“绪论”中的措辞的说明。

在印刷版当中，克林贡语转写和英语例词分别用粗体和斜体表示；但是在我们实际使用电子版的过程中，往往是以无格式纯文本形式传播的。

因此，手头的英语电子版采用了花括号｛｝和尖括号＜＞的形式区分；而Xi朋友翻译的绪论中打算采用粗体和双引号来区分；

咱转载的时候为了保持原貌而没有修改。

但是我翻译的汉语部分当中计划采用方括号【】和双线方引号『』的形式。

原文：

It is difficult to describe accurately the sounds of the Klingon language without using complex phonological and anatomical terminology. What follows, therefore, is intended to give only a guide to pronunciation. The best way to learn to pronounce Klingon with no trace of a Terran or other accent is to become friends with a group of Klingons and spend a great deal of time socializing with them. Very few non-Klingons speak Klingon without an accent.The system of writing Klingon used in this dictionary has been developed so people who already know how to read English will have a minimum of difficulty approximating the sounds of Klingon words and sentences.

译文：

不使用复杂的音系学和解剖学术语就很难精确的描述克林贡语的发音。因此，作为替代，下面的内容只是一个发音指导。学习不带一丝地球或其他口音的克林贡语的最好的方法，就是和一帮克林贡人成为朋友并花费大量时间与他们交往。只有很少的非克林贡人讲克林贡语没有口音。在本词典内用到的克林贡语书写系统已经发展到使得会读英语的人掌握克林贡语词句近似发音的困难最小。

别看这一段不长，里面两个长句翻得咱头疼……

下面开始的这一节的剩余内容，就是一个一个音素的解读了。

看内容，光是罗列原文和译文，还很难使得读者明白。

因此，我打算采用原文－译文－注释并列的形式进行，通过追加说明和类比详细阐述一些语言学现象，方便读者理解。

另外，从这一段引言可以看出，虽然创造克林贡语的时候借鉴了许多异族语音素，但是作者心中期待的发音，还是一种“有点怪”的英语口音

……而事实上影视游戏和各种衍生产品当中正是这样。

所以……咱翻译并注释这一部分的时候与作者一样较真，但是读者们学习发音就不用太较真了也～

1.1. Consonants（辅音 ）

【b】

原文：

{b} As in English «bronchitis» or «gazebo». Some Klingons pronounce this sound as if it were {m} and {b} articulated almost simultaneously. Speakers of English can approximate this sound by saying «imbalance» without the initial «i» sound. A very small number of Klingons pronounce {b} as if it were {m}.

译文：

就和英语中『bronchitis』或『gazebo』当中的『b』一样，有些克林贡人发就好像同时发【m】和【b】。念念看英语的『imbalance』但不要发开始的『i』（和结尾『alance』的音），很少的克林贡人发【b】這個音就像【m】。

范注：

对于“同时发『m』和『b』”的例子，在英语当中不存在，所以作者用了一个“元音间双辅音”的例子帮助理解。但是这在非洲语言当中很常见，经常作为一个单词的开头，而没有前面的元音带出『m』来。在有关非洲的新闻当中经常会出现类似的人名，比如南非前总统姆贝基（mbeki）。

【ch】

原文：

{ch} As in English «chew» or «artichoke».

译文：

就和英语中『chew』或『artichoke』的『ch』一样。

【D】

原文：

{D} This sound is close to English «d» in «dream» or «android», but it is not quite the same. The English «d» sound is made by touching the tip of the tongue to that part of the roof of the mouth just behind the upper teeth. Klingon {D} can best be approximated by English-speakers by touching the tip of the tongue to the roof of the mouth at a point about halfway between the teeth and the velum (or soft palate), that part of the roof of the mouth that is rather gooshy. As with Klingon {b}, some speakers pronounce {D} as if it were more like «nd», and a distinct minority as if it were {n}---but, of course, with the tongue in the same position as for {D}.

译文：

很像英语中『dream』或『android』的『d』，但不完全相同，『d』是舌尖顶在上牙后方一点点发出声音。但是讲英语的人发克林贡语的【D】时最好把舌尖顶在上颚上，为止大约在上牙和软腭的中间，＜因为不知道gooshy啥意思后半句翻不出来＞。和【b】一样，有些克林贡人发这个【D】音就好像『nd』，或就像【n】⸺当然，发成『n』音时，舌位和发【D】时一样。

范注：

之所以作者举例说明【D】的两个例子实际都是『dr』连缀，这是因为不如此不能解释这个被称为“顶音”的音素。虽然在英语当中和汉语中一样都没有，但是作为『dr』的『d』，被后面的卷舌流音『r』同化了，舌尖状态和与之成阻的消极发音器官的状态都一样了。在阿拉伯语当中，存在着单独的这个辅音，国际音标就是『d』下面加一个圆点。有兴趣的可以找个绿人去听活生生的发音。另外，关于为啥作者会联想到『nd』甚至『mb』，后面在【ng】的注释当中一并解说。

【gh】

原文：

{gh} This is not like anything in English. It can be produced by putting the tongue in the same position it would be in to say English «g» as in «gobble», but relaxing the tongue somewhat and humming. It is the same as Klingon {H} (see below), but with the vocal cords vibrating at the same time.

译文：

这个音素不像英语中任何一个。舌位和发英语中『gobble』的『g』方法一样，但舌头放松并哼着，很像【H】，但是发声只靠声带的振动。

范注：

对于国际音标是[ɣ]的这个音素的解释很难令人明白。作者作为盎格鲁人，这也是无奈之举。但是对于咱一个有北京口音的汉人而言，可以简单的说明。在儿化音的情况下，念“歌儿”的时候，除去前面的[g]和后面的卷舌“r”，中间的就是这个音素。要注意“歌儿”和“根儿”发音不一样，儿化韵会影响到前面元音发生同化。

【H】

原文：

{H} This is also not like anything in English, but it is just like «ch» in the name of the German composer «Bach» or in the Yiddish toast «l'chaim», or the «j» in the Mexican city of «Tijuana» in «Baja California». It is produced in the same way as Klingon {gh}, but is articulated with a very coarse, strong rasp. Unlike Klingon {gh}, the vocal cords do not vibrate in saying Klingon {H}。

译文：

这个音素也在英语中没有，很像德国作曲家巴赫『Bach』或是依地语中的“干杯”一词『l'chaim』的『ch』，或者墨西哥下加利福尼亚『Baja California』半岛的提瓦那『Tijuana』市（这两个词）当中的『j』一样。发音和发【gh】的方法一样，但要带有粗糙强烈的摩擦气流。不像【gh】，发【H】的时候声带不能振动。

范注：

又是一个对盎格鲁人费劲对汉人省力的解释。这个音素就是汉语拼音的“喝”。

而无包皮人撮饭时常用的『L’Chaim』这个词，念作“勒嗨姆”，一般认为是“努力的活下去吧”的意思，不知为何每当此时咱老汉总是会联想起一只蟑螂向着夕阳爬呀爬呀的场景。对此，某个修鸟人神棍的解释是："L'Chaim" means not "to life" as it is commonly translated, but "to lives" in the plural. No one could live life by themselves. We all need someone else. So there's no point in toasting life, because life that is not shared is unlivable. -- Rabbi Shmuley Boteach, a Hasidic。

对于援引西班牙语中音素『j』解释则刚好相反，盎格鲁人很容易理解。因为墨西哥北部的这两个地名对于经常去度假的米国佬来说很熟悉，反之对于我们汉人来说就很生僻。找一个常见例子的话，倒是可以参考西班牙国王的名字胡安•卡洛斯（Juan Carlos）当中的『j』。

【j】

原文：

{j} As in English «junk»; never ever as in French «jour».

译文：

就和英语中『junk』的『j』一样，绝不是法语『jour』（“儒喝”）中的『j』。

范注：

类似汉语拼音中的“知”，不是“日”。当然也不是半元音“伊”，那个音在后面定义（【y】）。

【l】

原文：

{l} As in English «lunge» or «alchemy».

译文：

就和英语中『lunge』或『alchemy』的『l』一样。

范注：

这个解释很清楚了，两个例词分别代表了元音之前的“清晰Ｌ”（clear l）和其他场合的“模糊Ｌ”（dark l）。这里要注意的反而是拼写，是小写的字母『L』，元音部分当中大写的『i』音素很像。勤劳勇敢的咱老汉在长期生产生活斗争实践当中发现，对于需要区分数字零和一，以及大小写字母L、I、O的时候，使用字体“Comic Sans MS”最合适不过。这个字体从名称就可以看出，唯一的缺点是过于活泼，不适合严肃的场合。

【m】

原文：

{m} As in English «mud» or «pneumatic». Those few Klingons who pronounce {b} as {m} would say Klingon {baH} «fire (a torpedo)» and {maH} «we» the same way, and have to memorize which word is spelled which way.

译文：

就和英语中『mud』或『pneumatic』的『m』一样。很少的克林贡人念『m』这个音就像念『b』。当他们说【baH】（开火）和【maH】（我们）这俩词的时候发音一模一样。于是不得不死记硬背拼写。

【n】

原文：

{n} As in English «nectarine» or «sunspot». Those Klingons who pronounce {D} more like {n} can easily articulate and hear the two sounds differently. Even a {D} that sounds like {n} is pronounced with the tongue in the Klingon {D} position, not in the English «d» position. Klingon {n} is produced with the tongue in the same position as English «d».

译文：

就和英语中『nectarine』或『sunspot』的『n』一样。即便是把【D】念得像【n】的那些克林贡人也可以清晰的区别（说／听）这两个音。因为他们念【D】像【n】的时候，舌位仍然是克林贡语的【D】，不是英语的『d』。而克林贡语【n】的舌位却像英语的『d』。

【ng】

原文：

{ng} As in English «furlong»; never as in English «engulf». The «g» is never pronounced as a separate sound. This sound never occurs at the beginning of an English word, but it does come at the beginning of a number of Klingon words. English-speakers may practice making this sound at the beginning of a word by saying English «dang it!», then saying it again without the «da».

译文：

就和英语中『furlong』的『ng』一样，绝不是英语中『engulf』的『ng』。而『g』永远不会作为分离的音素单独发音。英语中这个音素不会出现在词首，但是会出现在很多克林贡语单词开头。讲英语的人练习这个发音的时候，可以从说『dang it！』开始，然后去掉开头的『da』。

范注：

国际音标是[ŋ]，并且后面永远不会跟着个[g]。因此，Klingon一词的真实发音不是“克林贡”（Klin-gon）而是“克灵嗯”（Kling-on）。

在汉语来说，通过梵汉对音等方式研究敦煌文献，可以知道得出中古时期西北方言的次浊声母有浊塞音的成分。当时的“明”母，“泥”母，“疑”母的实际发音就是[mb]、[nd]和[ŋg]。由于人类只有一种，既然讲话都使用相同的喉舌，那么世界其他语言也会有类似现象。可见这里作者强调有那么一小撮克林贡人分不清m和b、n和d也是有语言学依据的，只是[ŋ]例外。在如今长三角等地的汉语方言当中，采用[ŋ]开头的音节也有不少，由于咱老汉只懂北京口音，此处举例就省略了也～

【p】

原文：

{p} As in English «parallax» or «opprobrium». It is always articulated with a strong puff or pop, never laxly. Speakers of English may want to exercise care to avoid discharging saliva while articulating this sound. It should be noted, however, that Klingons do not worry about this.

译文：

就和英语中『parallax』或『opprobrium』当中的『p』一样。不过发音时不能放松，一定要有强烈的喷气。讲英语的人练习这个发音的时候应当小心的避免吐出唾沫来。这一点是要注意的，然后克林贡人从来不为此担心。

【q】

原文：

{q} Similar to English «k» in «kumquat», but not quite that. The tongue position for English «k» is like that for Klingon {gh} and {H}. To produce Klingon {q}, the main body of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth at a point farther back than it does for {gh} or {H}. Indeed, the tongue reaches for or touches the uvula (the meshy blob that dangles down from the back of the roof of the mouth), so articulating {q} approximates the sound of choking. The sound is usually accompanied by a slight puff of air. English speakers are reminded that Klingon {q} is never pronounced «kw» as in the beginning of English «quagmire».

译文：

很像英语中『kumquat』的『k』，但不完全相同。发英语的『k』时舌位就像发克林贡语的【gh】和【H】。要发出【q】来，舌面应当贴着上颚，位置比发【gh】和【H】的时候还要靠后。当然，舌头碰上小舌（上颚最后端喉咙口悬垂的一条肉坠）发【q】就像噎住的声音。这个音通常会伴随着轻微的气流声。讲英语的人还应当注意，克林贡语的【q】不是英语『quagmire』当中开头的『kw』音。

范注：

类似汉语拼音的“科”（舌位还要靠后），而汉语拼音的“科”与克林贡语的【gh】、【H】舌位相同。作者故意不给克林贡语安排常见的爆破音『k』『g』对立，并且在多处强调地球人发音时舌位尽量向后靠。其目的就是在提醒观众，克林贡人不是地球人，喉舌构造稍有不同。

【Q】

原文：

{Q} This is like nothing particularly noteworthy in English. It is an overdone Klingon {q}. It is identical to {q} except that it is very guttural and raspy and strongly articulated, somewhat like a blend of Klingon {q} and {H.}

译文：

特别值得注意的是，这个音不像英语中任何发音。其实它是一个夸张的克林贡语的【q】音。发音时基本上和【q】一致，不过需要喉咙中发出非常粗糙强烈的摩擦气流声，有点像克林贡语【q】和【H】的混合。

范注：

如果对于带有“粗糙强烈的摩擦气流声”的“科”没有感性认识的话，可以试着用“不敢高声语，恐惊天上人”那种半夜枕边说悄悄话的方式发音……“磕着了？”“可不是吗”……大致就是这样。

在地球人的各种语言当中普遍存在着[p，t，k]／[b，d，g]三组爆破音对立。以法语为首的罗曼语族是清浊对立，均不送气；汉语普通话则是送气／不送气对立，均为不震动声带的清辅音；而英语德语等日耳曼语族则同时采用两个标准，送气清辅音／不送气浊辅音对立。克林贡语当中存在【b】／【p】与【D】／【t】这两对（未必对立），唯独再三强调没有相当地球语言的[g]与[k]，反而是“送气”【q】与“狠狠的送气”【Q】这俩清辅音之间存在对立。由此可见，作者设定之下的克林贡人发音器官生理构造大致与地球人相似，只是喉咙部分不同。因此特意从体现地球诸语言的音系当中，增加／删除／修改涉及到的部分从而得到克林贡语音系。这样的设定才是有技术含量的。

【r】

原文：

{r} This is not like the «r» in American English, but it does resemble the «r» in some dialects of British English, as well as the «r» in many languages of Europe. It is lightly trilled or rolled.

译文：

不像美式英语的『r』，但像英国一些英语方言当中的『r』，也类似许多欧洲语言当中的『r』。发音时有轻微的卷舌和颤动。

范注：

对于辅音『r』的处理，“欧洲”语言各不相同。常见的是舌尖颤音，如俄语、意大利语、标准德语规范发音；次常见的是小舌颤音，如德语事实标准发音，法语方言发音；再次就是闪音，即只颤动一次的舌尖颤音，如西班牙语词中的单“r”；最后才是英语这样的在漫长的发展过程中误入歧途的流音。从作者这里的描述来看，应该是指舌尖颤音。

【S】

原文：

{S} This sound is halfway between English «s» and «sh», as in «syringe» and «shuttlecock». It is made with the tip of the tongue reaching toward that part of the roof of the mouth which it touches to produce Klingon {D}.

译文：

这是介于英语中『syringe』的『s』和『shuttlecock』的『sh』之间的音。舌尖接触上颚的位置比发克林贡语的【D】的时候要靠前。

范注：

对汉人来说并不复杂，这个音就是汉语拼音的“湿”。

【t】

原文：

{t} As in English «tarpaulin» or «critique». It differs from Klingon {D} in two ways: (1) like {p}, it is accompanied by a puff of air; and (2) the tongue touches a position on the roof of the mouth farther forward than that for {D}.

译文：

就和英语中『tarpaulin』或『critique』的『t』一样。这个音和克林贡语【D】的区别有两点。第一，与【p】一样，发音时要伴随着强烈的喷气；第二，舌尖接触上颚的位置比起【D】来要大大靠前。

【tlh】

原文：

{tlh} This sound does not occur in English, but it is very much like the final sound in «tetl», the Aztec word for «egg», if properly pronounced. To produce this sound, the tip of the tongue touches the same part of the roof of the mouth it touches for {t}, the sides of the tongue are lowered away from the side upper teeth, and air is forced through the space on both sides between tongue and teeth. The sound is produced with a great deal of friction, and the warning given in the description of Klingon {p} might be aptly repeated here.

译文：

这个音英语里面没有，但是很像正确诵读阿兹特克语“蛋”一词『tetl』时的最后一个音。发这个音的时候，舌位就像发【t】一样，舌侧的位置要低于上牙侧，强迫气流从舌头两边与牙齿之间喷出。发音时带有非常强烈的摩擦，因此发【p】时的警告需要在这里重复（别喷出唾沫来）。

范注：

这个音汉语也没有，按照指示做就是了。顺便，这个转写“tlh”是ISO分配给克林贡语的标识，而“克林贡”的实际发音的转写应该是“tlhIngan”。记住克林贡语没有“K”！元音“伊”【I】在下一节中讲述。

【v】

原文：

{v} As in English «vulgar» or «demonstrative».

译文：

就和英语中『vulgar』或『demonstrative』的『v』一样。

【w】

原文：

{w} Usually as in English «worrywart» or «cow». On rare occasions, especially if the speaker is being rather deliberate, it is pronounced strongly, more like {Hw} or even {Huw}.

译文：

通常就和英语中『worrywart』或『cow』的『w』一样，在一些情況中，特別是思考的时候，发音会很强，就像『Hw』或『Huw』。

范注：

地球人各语言中，思考时无意识的发音虽然各不相同，但毫无例外是元音或响辅音。比如汉语的“嗯～”，日语的“エー”，法语的“[OE]～”等等。但是克林贡人无意识发音仍然带有出气声，可见其喉舌构造确实是有利于喷气，同时却不会喷唾沫。

【y】

原文：

{y} As in English «yodel» or «joy»．

译文：

就和英语中『yodel』或『joy』的『y』一样。

【'】

原文：

{'} The apostrophe indicates a sound which is frequently uttered, but not written, in English. It is a glottal stop, the slight catch in the throat between the two syllables of «uh-oh» or «unh-unh», meaning “no”. When Klingon {'} comes at the end of a word, the vowel preceding the {'} is often repeated in a very soft whisper, as if an echo. Thus, Klingon {je'} «feed» almost sounds like {je'e}, where the articulation of the first {e} is abruptly cut off by the {'}, and the second {e} is a barely audible whisper. When {'} follows {w} or {y} at the end of a word, there is often a whispered, echoed {u} or {I}, respectively. Occasionally the echo is quite audible, with a guttural sound like {gh} preceding the echoed vowel. For example, {yIlI'} «transmit it!» can sound more like {yIlI'ghI}. This extra-heavy echo is heard most often when the speaker is particularly excited or angry.

译文：

这个撇号在英语里表示频繁的念出来但是不写出来的音。这是个声门停顿，在『uh-oh』或『unh-unh』这样的两个音节之间轻微绷住嗓子，表示“不”的意思。当【'】位于词尾的时候，需要把前面的元音字母再轻微的重复一遍，就像回音一样。因此，克林贡语【je'】（进食）听起来像【je'e】，当念第一个【e】的时候被【'】突然打断，第二个【e】就成了刚好能听见的轻声。当【''】位于词尾并且前面的字母是半元音【w】或【y】的时候，常常会轻声重复相应的元音【u】或【I】。有时候这种重复会非常清晰，重复的元音之前带有一个如【gh】一样的喉音。例如，【yIlI'】（发射）会被念成【yIlI'ghI】。当说话人非常兴奋或愤怒的时候，会有非常强烈的重复。

范注：

这个声门阻断音的国际音标是个［ʔ］，即“问题一点也没有”。英语里面没有，汉语普通话也没有，不过在长三角一带的汉语方言中存在。比如苏州话为代表的吴方言，这个音一方面取代了历史上和其他方言中仍然存在的-p、-t、-k成为唯一的入声韵尾，另一方面还可以当作声母。比如上海人说“恶”[ʔoʔ]的时候，尤其明显。

1.2. Vowels　（元音）

There are five vowels in Klingon.

克林贡语当中有五个元音。

{a} As in English «psalm»; never as in American English «crabapple».

就和英语中『psalm』的『a』一样，绝不是美式英语的『crabapple』。

{e} As in English «sensor».

就和英语中『sensor』的『e』一样。

{I} As English «i» in «misfit». Once in a while, it is pronounced like «i» in «zucchini», but this is very rare and it is not yet known exactly what circumstances account for it.

就和英语中『misfit』的『i』（范注：短音）一样。偶尔发音会类似英语中『zucchini』的『i』（范注：长音），但这种情况很罕见，并且出现的场合也没有共识。

{o} As in English «mosaic».

就和英语中『mosaic』的『o』一样。

{u} As in English «gnu» or «prune»; never as in «but» or «cute».

就和英语中『gnu』或『prune』的『u』一样；绝不是『but』或『cute』的『u』。

Note that when a vowel is followed by {w} or {y}, the combination of letters may not represent the same sound it does in English spelling:

注意当元音字母后面跟着半元音【w】或【y】时，发音并不像英语单词中相同拼写的字母组合：

（下面补充解释一些英语中没有的字母组合）

Klingon {uy} resembles «ooey» in English «gooey». Klingon {ew} resembles nothing in English, but can be approximated by running Klingon {e} and {u} together. Likewise, Klingon {Iw} is {I} and {u} run together. No words in Klingon have {ow} or {uw}. If they did, they would be indistinguishable from words ending in {o} and {u}, respectively.

克林贡语【uy】类似英语『gooey』的『ooey』。克林贡语【ew】的发音在英语中没有，但可以近似认为是连续的从【e】滑动到【u】。同样，克林贡语【iw】是从【i】到【u】。克林贡语中没有使用【ow】或【uw】的单词，如果有，将不能与以【o】和【u】结尾的单词区别开。

1.3. Stress　重音

Each Klingon word of more than one syllable normally contains one stressed (or accented) syllable. The stressed syllable is pronounced at a slightly higher pitch and with a little more force than the nonstressed syllable(s).

克林贡语中每个多音节单词都包含一个强调（或曰“重读”）音节。重读音节的发音会比非重读音节稍微用力和抬高声调。

In a verb, the stressed syllable is usually the verb itself, as opposed to any prefix or suffix. If, however, a suffix ending with {'} is separated from the verb by at least one other suffix, both the verb and the suffix ending in {'} are stressed. In addition, if the meaning of any particular suffix is to be emphasized, the stress may shift to that syllable. Suffixes indicating negation or emphasis (section 4.3) are frequently stressed, as is the interrogative suffix (section 4.2.9).

对于动词，重读音节通常就是动词词干，区别于任何附加的前缀或后缀。然而，如果一个以【'】结尾的后缀和动词词干之间间隔至少一个其他后缀，那么动词词干和这个以【'】结尾的后缀都要重读。另外，如果一个后缀带有强调的含义，那么重音就会移动到这个后缀之上。表示否定和强调的后缀通常要重读，表示疑问的后缀也同样。

In a noun, the stressed syllable is usually the syllable right before the first noun suffix, or the final syllable if there is no suffix. If, however, a syllable ending in {'} is present, it is usually stressed instead. If there are two syllables in a row {'} both ending in {'}, both are equally stressed.

对于名词，重读音节通常是第一个前缀右边的音节（有前缀的名词的第二个音节），或者没有前缀的名词的最后一个音节。然而，如果出现以【'】结尾的音节，那么它通常要重读。如果一个词中出现了两个以【'】结尾的音节，那么它们都要重读。

Finally, it should be noted that there are some words which seem to have variable stress patterns, with the stress sometimes heard on one syllable and sometimes on another. This phenomenon is not yet understood. The rules given above do not account for this variability, but if they are followed, stress will wind up on acceptable syllables.

最后，应该注意有一些词似乎具有可变的重音模式，重音有时在一个音节上，有时又在另一个音节上。这种现象无法理解。上面给出的规则无法说明这种可变性。不过如果注意的话，会发现重音将落在比较合理的位置上。

In the system used to transcribe Klingon in this dictionary, stress is not indicated.

在本词典使用的克林贡语转写体系中，没有标出重音。

2. GRAMMATICAL SKETCH --- INTRODUCTION　（语法大纲⸺简介）

It is not possible, in a brief guide such as this, to describe the grammar of Klingon completely. What follows is only a sketch or outline of Klingon grammar. Although a good many of the fine points are not covered, the sketch will allow the student of Klingon to figure out what a Klingon is saying and to respond in an intelligible, though somewhat brutish, manner. Most Klingons will never know the difference.

通过一份像本书这样的简短指南来完全描述克林贡语的语法是不可能的。下面的内容仅仅是一份克林贡语的语法概要或大纲。虽然有许多重点没有覆盖到，这份概要可以使克林贡语的学生理解克林贡人在说什么并且可以清楚的回答，虽然有点粗野和没礼貌。大部分克林贡人将不会知道其中的区别。

There are three basic parts of speech in Klingon: «noun», «verb», and «everything else».

克林贡语有三种基本词类：名词、动词，以及其他。

3. NOUNS　（名词）

There are various types of nouns in Klingon.

克林贡语的名词有多种不同的类型。

3.1. Simple nouns

简单名词

Simple nouns, like simple nouns in English, are simple words; for example, {DoS} «target» or {QIH} «destruction».

简单名词，就像英语中的简单名词，是简单的词。例如，【DoS】（目标）或【QIH】（毁灭）。

3.2. Complex nouns

复杂名词

Complex nouns, on the other hand, are made up of more than one part.

另一方面，复杂名词就是由多个部分构成的。

3.2.1. Compound nouns

复合名词

Compound nouns consist of two or three nouns in a row, much like English «earthworm» («earth» plus «worm») or «password» («pass» plus «word»). For example, {jolpa'} «transportroom» consists of {jol} «transport beam» plus {pa'} «room».

复合名词由两个或者三个名词顺序组合而成，大多类似英语的『earthworm』（『earth』＋『worm』）或者『password』（『pass』＋『word』）。例如，【jolpa'】（传送室）由【jol】（传送光束）和【pa'】（房间）组成。

3.2.2. Verb plus -wI'

动词＋【-wI’】

A second type of complex noun consists of a verb followed by a suffix meaning one who does or thing which does. The English suffix «-er» (as in «builder» “one who builds” or «toaster» “thing which toasts”) is a rough equivalent. In Klingon, the suffix is {-wI'.} It occurs, for example, in {baHwI'} «gunner», which consists of the verb {baH} «fire (a torpedo)» plus {-wI'} «one who does». Thus, {baHwI'} is literally “one who fires [a torpedo]”. Similarly, {So'wI'} «cloaking device» comes from the verb {So'} «cloak» plus {-wI'} «thing which does». {So'wI'} is a “thing which cloaks.”

第二类复杂名词由动词后带一个表示做事的人或物的后缀。英语后缀『-er』（『builder』“建造的人”或『toaster』“烤面包的机器”）大致粗略的对应克林贡语后缀【-wI’】。，例如，在【baHwI'】（炮手）一词中，是由【baH】（发射＜鱼雷＞）加上后缀【-wI’】组成的。因此，【baHwI'】在字面上是“发射鱼雷的人”。同样，【So'wI'】（伪装设备）来自动词【So'】（伪装）加上后缀【-wI’】。【So'wI'】是一个“进行伪装的东西”

A noun formed by adding {-wI'} to a verb is a regular noun, so it may be used along with another noun to form a compound noun. For example, {tIjwI'ghom} «boarding party» comes from {tIjwI'} «boarder» plus {ghom} «group»; and {tIjwI'} comes from {tIj} «board» plus {-wI'.}

通过动词加后缀【-wI’】组成的名词是规则名词，因此它可能被用来与另一名词一起构成一个复合名词。例如，【tIjwI'ghom】（接舷战队）来自【tIjwI'】（登船者）与【ghom】（群体）；而【tIjwI'】则来自【tIj】（登船）加后缀【-wI’】。

3.2.3. Other complex nouns

其他复杂名词

There are a good many nouns in Klingon which are two or, less frequently, three syllables long, but which are not complex nouns of the types described above. These nouns probably at one time were formed by combining simple nouns, but one or all of the nouns forming the complex noun are no longer in use, so it is not possible (without extensive etymological research) to know what the individual pieces mean.

克林贡语中很多名词都是两个音节长，很少是三个音节，但不包括上面描述的复杂名词。这些名词大概是在同一时间通过组合简单名词形成的，但是组成它们的一个或全部的简单名词都不再被使用，因此不通过广泛的语源研究不可能知道每个独立部分的意义。

For example, {'ejDo'} means «starship». The syllable {'ej} also occurs in {'ejyo'} «Starfleet». There are, however, no known Klingon words {'ej, Do',} or {yo'} that have anything to do with Starfleet, starships, the Federation, or space vehicles of any kind. It is quite likely that {Do'} is an Old Klingon word for space vessel (the modern Klingon word is {Duj}) that is used nowhere except in the noun {'ejDo'.} Of course, without further study, that remains pure conjecture.

例如，【'ejDo'】的意思是“星际飞船”。【’ej】也出现在【'ejyo'】（星际舰队）当中。但是并没有已知的克林贡语单词【'ej】、【Do'】或【yo'】与星舰，飞船，联邦，或任何种类的航天器有关。这是很可能【Do'】是古克林贡语中表示航天器的单词（现代克林贡语单词是【Duj】），除了在【'ejDo'】之外不再使用。当然，如果没有进一步的研究，这仍然是纯粹的推测。

3.3. Suffixes　（后缀）

All nouns, whether simple or complex, may be followed by one or more suffixes. If there are two or more suffixes, the suffixes must occur in a specific order. Suffixes may be classified on the basis of their relative order after the noun. There are five types of suffixes (which, for convenience, will be numbered 1 through 5). Suffixes of Type 1 come right after the noun; suffixes of Type 2 come after those of Type 1; suffixes of Type 5 come last. This may be illustrated as follows:

所有的名词，无论是简单或复杂的，后面可以跟着一个或多个后缀。如果有两个或更多的后缀，后缀必须按照一个特定的顺序出现。后缀可以按照在名词之后的基本相关顺序分类。后缀有五种类型（其中，为方便起见，将编号1至5）。第1类后缀紧跟着名词之后，第2类后缀紧跟第1类；第5类后缀在最后。说明如下：

NOUN--1--2--3--4--5

名词－１－２－３－４－５

Of course, if no suffix of Type 1 is used but a suffix of Type 2 is used, the Type 2 suffix comes right after the noun. If a suffix of Type 5 is the only suffix used, it comes right after the noun. Only when two or more suffixes are used does their order become apparent.

当然，如果没有使用第1类，但使用第2类后缀，那么第２类将紧跟名词。如果只有唯一的第5类后缀，那么将紧跟名词。只有使用两个或更多的后缀时才会有明显的顺序。

There are at least two suffixes in each suffix type. Only one suffix of each type may be used at a time. That is, a noun cannot be followed by, for example, two or three Type 4 suffixes.

每种类型至少有两个后缀。但是每种类型同时只能使用一个后缀。也就是说，一个名词不能跟着诸如两个或三个第４类后缀。

The members of each suffix type are as follows.

下面列出每种类型的后缀。

3.3.1. Type 1: Augmentative/diminutive　（第一类：强化词义／弱化词义）

{-'a'} augmentative

强化词义

This suffix indicates that what the noun refers to is bigger, more important, or more powerful than it would be without the suffix.

这个后缀表示名词所指的意义比没有后缀时更大、更重要、更强。

{-Hom} diminutive

弱化词义

This is the opposite of the augmentative suffix. It indicates that what the noun refers to is smaller, less important, or less powerful than it would be without the suffix.

与强化词义后缀相反，这个后缀表示名词所指的意义比不带后缀时更小、更不重要、更不强。

3.3.2. Type 2: Number　（数）

As in English, a singular noun in Klingon has no specific suffix indicating that it is singular: {nuH} «weapon» refers to a single weapon of any type. Unlike English, however, the lack of a specific suffix for plural does not always indicate that the noun is singular. In Klingon, a noun without a plural suffix may still refer to more than one entity. The plurality is indicated by a pronoun, whether a verb prefix (see section 4.1) or a full word (section 5.1), or by context. For example, {yaS} «officer» may refer to a single officer or to a group of officers, depending on other words in the sentence or the context of the discussion.

正如英语，一个克林贡单数名词没有具体的后缀表明它是单数：【nuH】（武器）是指任意类型的单独一件武器。然而与英语不同的是，缺少表示复数的特定后缀并不总是表明名词是单数。克林贡语中，一个没有复数后缀的名词仍可能涉及超过一个实体。复数会被一个代词标示，无论是动词前缀（见4.1节）、一个完整的单词（5.1节），还是通过上下文。例如，【yaS】（军官）可指一个单独的军官或一伙军官，这依赖于句子中的其他单词或者讨论的上下文。

Compare〔比较〕：

In the first pair of sentences, the only difference is the verb prefix (here only partially described; see section 4.1): {vI-} «I», {DI-} «we». In the second pair, the pronouns are different: {jIH} «I», {maH} «we».

第一对句子中，唯一的区别是动词前缀（这里只是部分描述，详见4.1节）：【vI-】『我』，【DI-】『我们』。在第二对句子中，代词不同：【jIH】『我』，【maH】『我们』。

Under certain circumstances, the only way to know whether the noun refers to one or more than one entity is by context. Thus, {yaS mojpu'} can be translated either «he/she became an officer» or «they became officers». Those taking part in any discussion in which this sentence is used would presumably already know whom is being talked about, so they would also know whether he or she or they is the correct meaning.

在某些情况下，知道名词是指一个还是多个实体的唯一方法是根据上下文。因此，【yaS mojpu'】可以被翻译『他／她成为一名军官』或『他们成为军官』。本句中所用到的值得注意的部分将用于推测谁正在被谈论，于是参与讨论的人会知道“他”、“她”或“他们”是正确的意思。

Fortunately for students of Klingon, it is never incorrect to add a plural suffix to a noun referring to more than one entity, even in those cases where it is unnecessary to do so. Accordingly, both {yaS maH} and {yaSpu' maH} are correct, both meaning «we are officers» ({-pu'} is a plural suffix). On the other hand, a plural suffix cannot be added to a noun referring to only one thing, even if pronouns are present in the sentence. In Klingon, {yaSpu' jIH} «I am officers» is as incorrect as its English translation.

对于学习克林贡语的学生来说幸运的是，把一个表示复数的后缀添加到指代多个实体的名词之后的行为并不是错误，即使是在不必要的那些情况下也是如此。因此【yaS maH】和【yaSpu' maH】都是正确的，都是『我们成为军官』的意思（【-pu'】是一个复数后缀）。另一方面，一个复数后缀不能被添加到一个指代一个事物的名词之后，即使在句中出现代词。克林贡语【yaSpu' jIH】『我是军官们』将不是正确的译文。

There are three different plural suffixes in Klingon.

克林贡语中有三种不同的复数后缀。

{-pu'} «plural for beings capable of using language»

【-pu'】用于有能力使用语言的生物。

This suffix can be used to indicate plurality for Klingons, Terrans, Romulans, Vulcans, and so on, but not for lower animals of any kind, plants, inanimate objects, electromagnetic or other beams or waves, etc.

这个后缀可以指代复数个克林贡人、地球人、罗穆伦人、瓦肯人等等，但是不能用于任何种类的低等动物、植物、无生命物体、电磁波或其他光线或波，等等。

{-Du'} «plural for body parts»

【-Du'】用于标记肢体。

{-mey} <plural, general usage>

【-mey】通常使用

This suffix is used to mark the plural of any noun.

这个后缀用于标记任意名词的复数形式。

It can also be used with nouns referring to beings capable of using language (those nouns which take {-pu'}). When it is so used, it adds a notion of “scattered all about” to the meaning.

这个后缀也可以用于指代有能力使用语言的生物（这些名词可以用【-pu'】）。当这么使用的时候增加了一个“稀稀拉拉散布着”的含义。

Compare〔比较〕：

The suffix {-mey} cannot be used with body parts. It should be noted, however, that Klingon poets often violate this grammatical rule in order to evoke particular moods in their poetry. Thus, forms such as {tlhonmey} «nostrils scattered all about» do occur. Until the subtle nuances of such constructions are firmly grasped, however, it is suggested that students of Klingon stick to the rules.

这个后缀【-mey】不能用于肢体。然而应当指出，克林贡诗人经常违反这条语法规则以便在诗中产生特定的情绪。因此，如【tlhonmey】『分散的多个鼻孔』这种形式时有发生。直到牢固把握这种结构的微妙之处之前还是建议学习克林贡语的学生们遵守规则。

Finally, some nouns in Klingon are inherently or always plural in meaning, and therefore never take plural suffixes.

最后，有些克林贡语单词总是复数含义，因此从来不会添加复数后缀。

The singular counterparts of such words are utterly distinct:

它们对应的单数名词截然不同：

The singular forms may take the {-mey} suffix, but the meaning always carries the “scattered all about” connotation:

单数形式可以加上【-mey】后缀，但是意义总是会带有“零散分布”的内涵。

Inherently plural nouns are treated grammatically as singular nouns in that singular pronouns are used to refer to them (sections 4.1, 5.1). For example, in the sentence {cha yIghuS} «Stand by torpedoes!» or «Get the torpedoes ready to be fired!» the verb prefix {yI-}, an imperative prefix used for singular objects, must be used even though the object ({cha} «torpedoes») has a plural meaning.

这些固有复数名词在语法上作为单数名词对待，使用单数代词指代。（第4.1，5.1节）。例如，在句子【cha yIghuS】『鱼雷待命！』或『准备发射鱼雷！』中，必须使用表示用于单数对象的祈使语气动词前缀【yI-】，即使【cha】『鱼雷群』具有复数意义。

3.3.3. Type 3: Qualification　限定

Suffixes of this type indicate the speaker's attitude toward the noun, or how sure the speaker is that the noun is being used appropriately.

这种类型的后缀表示说话人对于名词的态度，或者用于确定说话人正在恰当的使用这个名词。

{-qoq} «so-called»

【-qoq】『所谓的，号称的』

This suffix indicates that the noun is being used in a false or ironic fashion. Saying {rojqoq} «so-called peace», rather than simply {roj} «peace», indicates that the speaker does not really believe that peace is legitimate or likely to endure.

这个后缀表示名词被用于错误的意义或者被用来反讽。说【rojqoq】『所谓的和平』比起简单的【roj】『和平』来，表示说话人并不确信和平是合情合理的或者可能持续下去。

{-Hey} «apparent»

【-Hey】『显然的』

This suffix indicates that the speaker is pretty sure the object referred to by the noun is accurately described by the noun, but has some doubts. For example, if the scanner on a Klingon ship senses an object, and the officer reporting the presence of this object assumes, but is not yet sure, that the object is a vessel, he will probably refer to the object as {DujHey} «an apparent vessel», rather than simply {Duj} «vessel».

这个后缀表示说话人非常确信所用单词指代的对象就是被这个名词准确的描述，但是还有一些疑问。例如，如果在一个克林贡飞船的扫描器探测到一个对象，并且军官报告这个对象的存在，但还不能确定，该对象是一艘船，他将很可能是表达为【DujHey】『很明显一艘船』，而不是简单用【Duj】『船』。

{-na'} «definite»

【-na'】『明确的，肯定的』

This is the counterpart of {-Hey}. It indicates that there is no doubt in the speaker's mind as to the accuracy of his or her choice of words. Once the Klingon officer referred to above is sure that the object the scanner has found is a vessel, he might report the presence of {Dujna'} «a definite vessel, undoubtedly a vessel».

这与【-Hey】相对。表明说话人的理智对于他或她的用词的准确性没有任何怀疑。一旦上文提到的克林贡军官确保扫描仪已找到的对象是一艘船，他可能会报告【Dujna'】『肯定是一艘船，毫无疑问是一艘船』的存在。

3.3.4. Type 4: Possession/Specification　所属／规范

Type 4 is the largest class of noun suffixes. It consists of all the possessive suffixes, plus suffixes which can be translated as English «this» and «that».

第4类是名词后缀最大的类。它包括所有的所有格后缀，以及可翻译为英语«this»和«that»的后缀。

The possessive suffixes are:

所有格后缀有：

Thus, {juH} «home» occurs in {juHwIj} «my home», {juHlIj} «your home», {juHchaj} «their home», etc.

于是，【juH】『家』会用于【juHwIj】『我的家』、【juHlIj】『你的家』、【juHchaj】『他们的家』等单词当中。

When the noun being possessed refers to a being capable of using language, a special set of suffixes is used for first- and second-person possessors:

当名词的所有格用来指代有能力使用语言的生物的时候，使用一组特殊的第一人称和第二人称所有格后缀：

These suffixes occur in, for example, {joHwI'} «my lord» and {puqlI'} «your child». It is grammatically correct to use the regular possessive suffixes with nouns referring to beings capable of speech (as in {puqlIj} «your child»), but such constructions are considered derogatory; {joHwIj} for «my lord» borders on the taboo. Students of Klingon should bear this in mind.

例如这些后缀用在【joHwI'】『我的首长』和【puqlI'】『你的孩子』当中。使用通常所有格后缀用来指代有能力说话的生物（如【puqlIj】『你的孩子』）在语法上是正确的，但是这种结构表达一种有意识的不敬；而使用【joHwIj】指代『我的首长』近乎禁忌。克林贡语的学生们应该牢记这一点。

To indicate that one noun is the possessor of another noun (e.g., «enemy's weapon»), no suffix is used. Instead, the two nouns are said in the order possessor-possessed: {jagh nuH} «enemy's weapon» (literally, «enemy weapon»). This construction is also used for phrases translated by «of the» in English, such as «weapon of the enemy». (See also section 3.4.)

表示一个名词是另一个名词的所属的时候（比如『敌人的武器』），不使用任何后缀。作为代替，两个名词按照所有者－被所有物的顺序说出：【jagh nuH】（字面上是『敌人　武器』）。使用这种结构的短语会被翻译成英文的『of the』，例如『weapon of the enemy』（参见3.4节）。

There are two suffixes indicating how close to the speaker the object referred to by the noun is.

有两个后缀表示名词指代的对象距离说话人有多近。

{-vam} «this»『这个』

Like its English translation, this suffix indicates that the noun refers to an object which is nearby or which is the topic of the conversation.

正如英文翻译，这个后缀表示名词指代的对象就在附近或者正是谈话的主题。

{nuHvam} «this weapon (near me as I speak)»『（我说距离我很近的）这件武器』

{yuQvam} «this planet (that we've been talking about)»『（我们正在谈论的）这个行星』

When used with a plural noun (one with a plural suffix or an inherently plural noun), {-vam} is translated «these».

当用在复数名词（带有复数后缀或固有的复数名词）上，【-vam】被翻译为『这些』。

{nuHmeyvam} «these weapons»『这些武器』

{-vetlh} «that»『那个』

This suffix indicates that the noun refers to an object which is not nearby or which is being brought up again as the topic of conversation.

这个后缀表示名词指代的对象不在附近或者是被带入谈话主题当中的。

{nuHvetlh} «that weapon (over there)»『（那里的）那件武器』

{yuQvetlh} «that planet (as opposed to the one we were just talking about)»『（相对于我们刚才正在谈论的）那个行星』

When used with a plural noun, {-vetlh} is translated «those»：

当用于复数名词时，【-vetlh】会被翻译为『那些』：

{nuHmeyvetlh} «those weapons»『那些武器』

There is no Klingon equivalent for English «a, an, the». In translating from Klingon to English, one must use context as a guide to when to use «a» or «an» and when «the». In this book, «a» or «an» and «the» are used in translations to make the English sound more natural.

克林贡语中没有对应英语『a，an，the』（冠词）的成分。为了从克林贡语翻译到英语，必须使用语境指导何时使用a或an，何时使用the。在本书中，在翻译中使用a、an和the将使英语发音更为自然。

To Be Or Not To Be Continued

后记

长话短说，就是这次莫名其妙的面瘫，让我意识到了幕后黑手准备掀起第三次鸦片战争、第六次中东战争兼第三次世界大战，主要手段就是「杰克伦敦病毒」，目前看来以「埃博拉出血热」最为热门。

所以，从那以后，就提高觉悟和警惕性，意识到自己写的每一行代码都可能被用来制造屠杀人类的大规模杀伤性武器，于是绝不合作，毫无上进心，遑论闯劲，同时还在深入揭批幕后黑手的阴谋诡计。

后面的事情各位都知道了。